The Law of Moses is another name for the Law of God as it was given through Moses. God tailored the instructions he gave Israel through Moses to fit their specific circumstances, and this leads to some theologians to differentiate between the Law of Moses and the Law of God, but this is a shallow, self-serving doctrine that is completely foreign to the Scriptures.
Torah, Bible study, politics, science fiction and fantasy, whatever else I feel like talking about.
The Law of Moses vs the Law of God
Objections to Keeping Torah
Torah
Torah is a Hebrew word that means "instruction" or "law", depending on the context. It refers to the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), also commonly known as the Pentateuch. When Yeshua (aka Jesus) spoke of "the Law and the Prophets", he was referring to the Torah and the rest of the Old Testament.
You might also hear of the "oral Torah", which refers to a semi-mythical tradition that was passed down to the ancient rabbis from Moses by word of mouth, as opposed to the written Torah referenced above. Those rabbis debated and discussed them, and the records of those discussions are recorded in the various Talmuds. I don't think there can be any doubt that Moses gave oral instructions that were never written down, because there is much in the written Torah that can't be fully understood otherwise. However, I don't think those instructions survived intact for the rabbis to discuss them. Clearly the religious leaders of Yeshua's day had a very confused understanding of the Torah, so it seems very unlikely that they had straightened it all out a few hundred years later. It's much more likely that they had gone even further astray.
That's not to say that the Talmud and rabbinic traditions are worthless. If you understand that it contains a record of debates, not just a straightforward recounting of oral tradition, then you can look past some of the more offensive and blasphemous contents to find some really profound and insightful bits. It's not divinely inspired Scripture, but it is useful for historical context and perspective.
The written Torah, however, most certainly is divinely inspired, parts of it originally written directly by the hand of God himself. It is the foundation for all later revelation. None of the books of history, poetry, and prophecy, the Gospels, and the Epistles can be understood without a solid foundation in the Torah.
The Torah Movement
At this very moment, there is a spontaneous, global movement of people who worship the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to study the Torah and apply its instructions to their real lives. There is no leader, no central committee, no parent organization, and no headquarters of this movement. There isn't even a commonly accepted name. People in this movement call themselves Christians, Messianic Jews, Messianic Believers, Torah-Keepers, Hebrew Roots, Pronomians, Nazarene Israelites, and numerous other labels.
I don't particularly care for any of those labels, but I've used several of them for myself at times.
Regardless of the labels, they all have two things in common:
- Yeshua is the Son of God, Messiah, and King of Israel.
- The Torah still applies today to followers of Yeshua.
The Controversy
Salvation by Faith
- Under the Law of Christ
- Be Ye Perfect Right Now or Else!
- Law & Grace in Circumcision and Passover
- May It Please Our Lord, We Will Be Servants of God
- What Is the Difference between Grace and Following the Law?
- The One Thing that Really Matters
- What Purpose the Crucifixion?
- Why Do We Need Yeshua?
- God's Loving Graciousness
- Shadows of Jesus in Joshua
- The Letter Kills, but the Spirit Gives Life
- Out of Faith, Obedience
- Dead Works and Living Faith
- What Is Circumcision of the Heart
- Circumcision and Blood
New Covenant vs Old Covenant
- God Never Forgets or Annuls a Covenant
- God Hates His People
- Different Priesthoods for Different Covenants
- The End of the Law
- The Curse and Curses of the Law
- What about Colossians 2:16?
- Priests, Laws, and Covenants in Hebrews 7-8
- Did the New Covenant Make the Old Covenant Obsolete?
- Does God's Law Ever Change?
- Is Christ Useless to the Circumcised?
- Is the New Covenant in Force?
- A Dialogue on the Continuity of the Law
- Why I Keep Torah
- The Law Ended with the Temple
- Is the Old Covenant Obsolete?
- The Covenants of Israel
Does the Law Apply to Christians?
- Because He Said So
- If Anyone Teaches Contrary to the Words of Jesus...
- Galatians and Torah, the short version
- The Law of Sin & Death: sin separates us from God
- The Freedom of Knowing One's Limitations
- Have No Enemies: being made perfect by love
- Love Torah, Love God. Hate Torah, Hate God.
- Nobody's Perfect, So Don't Even Try
- Whose Law Is It and Why Should You Care?
- Does Acts 15 Say We Can Ignore God's Law?
- Questioning Traditions
- Enemies Within and Without
- One Law or Two?
- Is Matthew 5:19 Only for the Jews?
- Humility before a Great, Incomprehensible God
- In Yeshua's Instructions there Is Neither Jew nor Greek
- Acts 15, revisited
- How Do the Ten Commandments Relate to the Christian?
- Paul's Epistle to the Romans (the short version)
- Gentiles and the Law in Romans 2
- Galatians and the Abuse of Paul
- The Contempt of God
- Torah vs Yeshua
- Who Are the Workers of Lawlessness in Matthew 7:23?
- Are we supposed to keep Jewish tradition?
- The Law of God vs the Law of Moses
- What Did Jesus Mean by "Fulfill"?
- And any other commandment - Romans 13:9
- Is It Possible to Keep the Law?
Under the Law
The Weekly Sabbath
- A Sabbath to YHWH
- Sabbath Honoring Labor
- Did Paul Say the Sabbath and Kosher Laws Don't Matter?
- Seventh Day or First?
- The Weak and Worthless Elementary Principles of Pagan Rome
- Every Journey Begins with a Single...Day?
- There's No Rest Without Submission
- Will the Real Sabbath Please Stand Up?
- How to Keep the Sabbath
- The Rules of Sabbath in Matthew 12:1-14
- Does Hosea 2:11 Say God Would Cancel the Sabbath?
- Romans 14:5-6 and the Weekly Sabbath
Other Appointed Times
Food and Not Food
- 1 Timothy 4 and Every Creature of God Is Good
- Have the Dietary Laws Outlived Their Purpose? a dialogue
- Are All Things Truly Lawful?
- Detestable Abominations and the Like
- Edible, but Not Food
- All Foods are Clean in Mark 7:19
- Did God's Food Laws Change After the Flood?
- 6 Rules and 6 Excuses
- White Sheets, Creepy Crawlies, and Unclean People
- Antinomianism Is Biblical Nonsense
- Romans 14:13-14 - Common or Unclean?
Have the Dietary Laws Outlived Their Purpose? a dialogue
Friend: When the Lord removes and nullifies the purpose of a Law, does it also remove and nullify the existence and enforcement of the same Law?I think it's a very dangerous thing to suppose that God has removed or nullified the purpose of a law unless He explicitly says so. God's Law is very elegant (I'm an IT person, so forgive me if I'm not using the word "elegant" the same way most people do), in that it doesn't waste words, but makes every word serve multiple purposes. (See here for something I wrote on that last year: http://www.americantorah.com/2016/05/13/the-elegance-and-depth-of-torah/). If we say that the purpose for any particular commandment has been removed, we are supposing first, that we understand every purpose that God described, and, second, that God described every purpose for that commandment. Neither supposition is warranted unless God explicitly said so, and I'm not aware of anywhere in Scripture where He did that.
(Usual objection: Thus he declared all foods clean..." Context, context, context. But that's for another post.)
Friend: Leviticus 20:24-26 is the passage of scripture that defines the law concerning unclean foods and its purpose:Is it? From Leviticus 11:
- "they are an abomination to you..."
- "They shall be an abomination to you..."
- "you shall regard their carcasses as an abomination..."
- "they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination..."
- "shall be an abomination to you..."
- "By these you shall become unclean..."
- "It is unclean to you...."
- "These also shall be unclean to you..."
- "these you shall not eat, for they are an abomination..."
- Etc.
There are multiple passages that define clean vs unclean animals including the whys and wherefores
Friend: Leviticus 20: 24-26 says, "But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with milk and honey: I am the LORD your God, which have separated you from other people. Ye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean, and between unclean fowls and clean: and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast, or by fowl, or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground, which I have separated from you as unclean. And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine."From Leviticus 11, you can see that that isn't entirely accurate. God also said he didn't want them to eat unclean animals because they are "abominable" and "unclean". Apparently, there's something about their meat that God really doesn't like.
As stated in the passage above, the only purpose the Lord stated for not eating certain foods (ie. "unclean meats") was for Israelites to remember to separate themselves from the Gentiles.
But about that separation... Paul wrote, "Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God." (Romans 12:2) In other words, God wants us to be separate from the unbelieving world, just like He told the Israelites in the Wilderness. Even if that were the only purpose for the commandment--which it isn't--how then can we say that the purpose (separation from the world) has been removed when Paul said that the purpose of separation from the world still remains?
Paul also said that the distinction between Jew and Gentile is removed in Christ, which is what God told Peter also. But did either of them say that the distinction between believer and unbeliever has been removed in Christ so that the unrepentant and rebellious sinner is just as "saved" and part of the Kingdom as the repented and submissive servant of God? No, of course not. The distinction hasn't been removed, but amplified. We are to be in the world so that we can serve God in it, but separated in our behaviors and attitudes.
"11 Therefore remember that you, once Gentiles in the flesh—who are called Uncircumcision by what is called the Circumcision made in the flesh by hands— 12 that at that time you were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. 13 But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ." (Ephesians 2:11-13)
In Ephesians 2 and in Romans 11, Paul says that believing gentiles have been grafted into the tree of Israel, not the other way around. If we are to be separate from the world and if we are now made part of Israel, how exactly has the need for separation been removed? It hasn't in any way.
Friend: Let us keep this passage in mind as we consider Peter's explanation of his vision as described in Acts 10:9-17; In Acts 11, Peter explains his vision to the other brothers in Jerusalem:And that is exactly my point. Peter explains the vision. No one whom God has cleansed and brought near (adopted into the commonwealth of Israel) should be kept out by man-made traditions and ceremonies that God didn't command. All who call on the name of Jesus and repent from their sins are made clean and whole, no matter who their parents were, and no one has the authority to exclude them. This was the point of Peter's dream, not what a person should or shouldn't eat. God used unclean animals to illustrate the point because Peter was thinking of fellowship with men in the same category as eating unclean animals.
"And the apostles and brethren that were in Judaea heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of God. And when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision contended with him, Saying, Thou wentest in to men uncircumcised, and didst eat with them. But Peter rehearsed the matter from the beginning, and expounded it by order unto them, saying, I was in the city of Joppa praying: and in a trance I saw a vision, A certain vessel descend, as it had been a great sheet, let down from heaven by four corners; and it came even to me: Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes, I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. And I heard a voice saying unto me, Arise, Peter; slay and eat. But I said, Not so, Lord: for nothing common or unclean hath at any time entered into my mouth. But the voice answered me again from heaven, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. And this was done three times: and all were drawn up again into heaven. And, behold, immediately there were three men already come unto the house where I was, sent from Caesarea unto me. And the Spirit bade me go with them, nothing doubting. Moreover these six brethren accompanied me, and we entered into the man's house: And he shewed us how he had seen an angel in his house, which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter; Who shall tell thee words, whereby thou and all thy house shall be saved. And as I began to speak, the Holy Ghost fell on them, as on us at the beginning. Then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said, John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost. Forasmuch then as God gave them the like gift as he did unto us, who believed on the Lord Jesus Christ; what was I, that I could withstand God? When they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, Then hath God also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life."
Obedience != Salvation by Works
Teaching obedience, whether one teaches obedience to the instructions of Moses, Jesus, Paul, or God Himself, is not teaching salvation by works.
(I just happen to believe they all taught the same thing.)
Let me illustrate the point with a short video...
Did Paul say the Sabbath & Kosher laws don't matter?
Colossians 2:16 Therefore, let no one judge you in matters of food and drink or with respect to a festival, a New Moon, or Sabbath days.Paul was absolutely NOT saying that Christians are free to ignore God's instructions concerning eating, drinking, and His appointed times. He clearly stated just a couple of sentences earlier that he was talking about man-made traditions that men had added to God's commandments and not the commandments themselves.
Colossians 2:8 See to it that no one enslaves you through philosophy and empty deceit according to human tradition, according to the basic principles of the world, and not according to the Messiah.His point was that we don't need to expend a lot of energy worrying about whether we're doing it all exactly right. We're not priests entering the Holy of Holies. We aren't going to be struck dead if we eat something God told us not to or if we don't understand exactly what God meant by "labor" on the Sabbath. Only God gets to set the rules--not theologians--and He is eager to forgive our mistakes.
Don't worry if you aren't tying your tzitziyot exactly the way some rabbi says you should or about whether or not tuna is kosher. (It is. ;-) ) Focus on obeying God's commandments, not man's, and on walking as Yeshua walked. It's not complicated.
Galatians and Torah, the short version
The controversy that Paul battled throughout his ministry was never about whether the Torah was good or worth keeping. He claimed to have kept the Law his whole life. The controversy was always about the definition of Torah, its purpose, and how it should be taught.
Is God's Torah defined only by the five books of Moses? Does it also include oral traditions? Does it include all of the Jewish traditions as well as the complete set of all Sanhedrin rulings? Can a person be "saved" by obedience? Can a gentile convert be allowed into fellowship without being fully converted to Judaism, including having been circumcised? Or can gentile converts ignore Torah altogether? These were the questions over which Paul argued with the "party of the circumcision". (Acts 15)
The Letter to the Galatians wasn't written to Jews; it was written to formerly pagan gentiles. When Paul talks about them returning to slavery under "weak and worthless elementary principles of the world", he can't possibly be talking about God's Law. (Galatians 4:9) They weren't keeping the Law before, so how could they return to it? And how could he justify calling God's Law weak, worthless, or worldly, when the Bible says the opposite literally hundreds of times? (See Psalm 119 for a number of examples.) The Galatians were keeping the laws of false gods and of men before they met Paul, things that are truly weak, worthless, and worldly, so it seems logical that these are the things Paul meant.
The voluminous traditions of the scribes and Pharisees, the rules for ritual conversion to Judaism (although it wasn't called that at the time), the circumcision of grown men, extra-Biblical fasts and feasts...all of these things are the laws of men, not of God. Paul never taught against the Law of God, but he incessantly taught against the anti-God laws of men.
He also taught that obedience to God's Law was not necessary for salvation, and the Jerusalem Council clearly agreed with him. (Acts 15 and 21) The law can't do anything for a faithless sinner except to point out and prove his sin. That's a useful function, but it's not where the Torah truly shines. Although Paul taught that obedience to Torah was never a requirement of salvation, all of his teachings were founded on Torah. Every instruction he gave to the gentile congregations was based on the five books of Moses. He called Torah good, just, and holy.
In claiming that salvation was by faith and not by strict obedience to rules, whether God's or man's, he didn't nullify the Law, but he established it. (Romans 3) We, whose hope is in Yeshua rather than in ourselves or some mere prophet, establish God's Law as the light it was intended to be by walking it out in our lives. Not instantly or as a prerequisite for salvation, but learning it gradually, working out out our salvation through study, prayer, and by every day walking a little closer to God's standards with full faith in His mercy to forgive our inevitable missteps.
Fear God and keep His commandments, for this remains the whole duty of a righteous man. (Ecclesiastes 12:13)
See also The Multifacted Law of God, Does Acts 15 Say We Can Ignore God's Law?, and Choosing to Sit in a Prison of Your Own Making.
Law & Grace in Circumcision & Passover
Let's start in Ezekiel 16:6:
And when I passed by you and saw you squirming in your blood, I said to you in your blood, Live! Yes, I said to you in your blood, Live!Albert Barnes wrote,
In thy blood - may be connected either with “I said” or with “Live.” In the latter case, the state of blood and defilement is made the very cause of life...So that the last phrase in the verse could be rendered, "Yes, I said to you, 'Live through your blood.'" In other words, the blood brings life. But why does God say it twice?
In "Circumcision: The Individual's Covenant with God" Rabbi Yohanasan Gefen wrote that each iteration of this statement refers to a different shedding of blood. The first statement refers to the circumcision of Abraham, while the second refers to the Passover Lamb.
Circumcision represents our decision to commit ourselves to God, while the Passover Lamb represents God's decision to commit himself to us. Faith gets you inside the house as the angel of death passes over, but you can't eat the Passover Lamb unless you are circumcised. Without both commitments, we are lost and we have to accept both of them, hence we are commanded to eat of the Lamb by both Moses and Yeshua.
Circumcision was a physical manifestation of Abraham's faith in God's promises. He circumcised his flesh and the flesh of all of the males in his house, including Ishmael, as an outward sign of his complete trust in God's faithfulness. However, circumcision in itself was not the means of Abraham's salvation. It didn't replace his faith, and the act of cutting himself did not cause God to keep his promise of an heir and a great inheritance.
Consider Ishmael. He was circumcised also, but he did not inherit the covenant. Many years before the circumcision, God promised Abraham a son. When he began to doubt, he tried to force God's promise through his own power. Ishmael was conceived through his father's mistrust of God and a reliance on works to earn God's favors. Obedience alone will never be enough to warrant inclusion in the covenant with Abraham; one must also have faith.
But faith in what? In the Messiah Yeshua, our Passover Lamb whose blood covers us and takes away our sins. This is the ultimate inheritance of the children of Abraham, and the ultimate reason we must keep God's Law.
We do not (cannot!) obey to earn God's favor or to bribe or force him to keep his promises. God is faithful whether we are or not. No, we obey because we believe. If we believe in God's faithfulness to provide an atonement for us and to forgive us our sins, then we will obey him. Obedience follows true faith, and there are only two reasons why a a person would not keep God's Law:
- Ignorance of his requirements, such as is the case with those many Christians who have been deceived their entire lives to believe that God didn't mean what he said.
- Lack of faith. As James said, "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works." There is no such thing as faith without works. A lack of works always indicates a lack of faith.
I can't tell you how many sermons I heard growing up in the Assemblies of God about how the Law was replaced by Grace. Even at the time it all seemed a little hypocritical. If the Law was done away (or "fulfilled" away) why did Jesus, Paul, Peter, James, and others spend so much time talking about it? Why do we put the Ten Commandments up on the Sunday School walls?
The Bible was very little help. James clearly wrote that the Law was still in effect, and Peter wrote that you had to have a good foundation in the scriptures (the Law and the Prophets) in order to understand Paul's letters. But why should an understanding of the Law be important to understand someone who used so much ink telling us to forget the Law?
"Don't take James so literally," I was told. "He's talking about a new spiritual law that has replaced the old written law."
OK, but what about Peter? He couldn't have been writing about spiritual scriptures. Scriptures means "writings". If they only exist on a spiritual plane, how can they be written? And how could one study writings that aren't written?
As I have demonstrated through numerous arguments elsewhere, that was all so much hot air and wishful thinking. The fact is that the Bible is only no help if you have assumed a priori that the Law is irrelevant to the Christian.
Grace and Law were never in opposition, but were always complementary. You cannot be saved by Grace unless you are first convicted by the Law, and you cannot be saved by God's Grace unless you are also committed to obeying God's Law. How can a person claim to believe in someone else if they refuse to believe what the other person has said?
Law and Grace are not opposed to one another, but are merely two sides of the same coin. If you are not committed to obeying God's commandments, then you cannot be heir to his promises. And if you are not under God's Grace, then all the obedience in the world will earn you nothing but damnation.
Anarchy and the Christian Government
The original Greek word anarchos translates to "no ruler". According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, "anarchy" refers to "a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority" or the "absence of order". And indeed, this is what most people have in mind when they use it. They think of slavery and incessant warfare; they think of Beirut or Somalia, not Utopia. Unfortunately, like so many English words, "anarchy" has two, opposing meanings. The same dictionary entry lists this as an alternate meaning: "a utopian society of individuals who enjoy complete freedom without government". In other words, the political philosophy commonly called anarchy describes a society in which no one rules over anyone else: each person is free to pursue their own interests without interference. The essence of modern anarchy is voluntary socialism, not unrestrained violence.
In reality, neither could ever exist for long in a world of humans. Both states are contrary to human nature. People are naturally selfish and are almost always looking for a way to get an unfair advantage over everyone else. Yet they are also social creatures; they require interaction with their fellows to exist happily. Eventually they tire of their oppressors and form permanent governments to promote their corporate interests. Anarchy just couldn't happen unless it were forced, and then it would no longer be anarchy. And so, I'm sure you can understand my frustration when people equate libertarianism to anarchy.
Libertarianism is not anarchy (I apologize to those self-described anarchists for my profane use of the word throughout this essay; I use it in its more base sense to more effectively convey my meaning to those most opposed to my own philosophy); minarchy might be a better term. Libertarians are generally rational creatures who understand that with liberty comes responsibility, and that at times people must be forced to accept responsibility. The current state of affairs in America in which citizens are forced to accept responsibility where they have no liberty or are offered liberty but denied responsibility will devolve into chaos long before a libertarian society would do so. The former is slavery while the latter is hedonism, neither of which is compatible with libertarianism.
A slave must work for others and is not allowed to make his own choices in matters of personal morality. In the United States, for one-half of the year you work for others under the threat of violence: if you choose not to work for my benefit, the sheriff will remove you from your home and possibly imprison you. Also in the United States, by claiming some underprivileged or victimized status you are free to kill, steal, and destroy without fear of reprisal. In some cases, if you refuse to live off the stolen lives of others, organizations like Child Protective Services may threaten to take your children.
According to the Apostle Paul the role of government is to be a terror to evil, and so far as government confines itself to that role for which God has ordained it, it does well (Romans 13:1-5). But when it steps beyond those bounds, assuming authority which God has not granted it, government becomes a terror to both the wicked and the righteous. And is that not the anarchy that we fear so much? The rule of whim rather than the rule of law? From this we Christians must ask if the role of government then is to enforce righteousness. (Thanks, Christlib!)
Jesus said that the Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath. I would extend that thought to say that all of the Law (by the "Law" I mean the laws given by Moses and codified in first five books of the Bible) was made for man and not man for the Law. Paul wrote that God gave the Law to highlight our failings and make God's righteousness evident (Romans 3:19-31). "But now a righteousness from God, apart from law, has been made known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify. This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. There is no difference, for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus."
So the Law is important, but it is not all important. To make enforcement of the Law the central purpose of our lives is to commit the sin of the Pharisees whom Jesus called hypocrites. It is not an object to be worshipped, but a template to be applied to our lives as we are able.
Like the law and everything else that God has given us, government is a tool to be used to our benefit, not a master to enslave us. George Washington said, "Government is not reason; it is not eloquence. It is force. And force like fire is a dangerous servant and a fearful master." I am imperfect. I understand God's Word and His Law imperfectly. Would it be right to give me the power to interpret that Law and enforce my interpretation onto you? No matter how wise a leader may be, he will not live forever and someone else will have to take his place. Will that person be as wise? But they will inherit the same power and more, for government does not willingly give up authority, but jealously guards what it has and constantly accumulates more. To give today's wise ruler the authority to enforce his ideas of righteousness, is to give tomorrow's fool the power to enforce his. Washington knew this and refused the power he could have had. To allow government to master us is to invite the anarchy which looms imminent under the current marriage of slavery and hedonism.
There is only one political philosophy in America today that offers to limit government to its God-ordained role: libertarianism. No, not all people who call themselves libertarians are good people, let alone righteous people. But they at least avoid the hypocrisy of others who seek to use government force to enslave the rest of us to their own hedonism. They are willing to hold themselves responsible for their liberty. More importantly, they are willing to hold you responsible for your liberty.
It is a good thing to live your life according to the Law, but it is not the function of the Church or of the Government or of anyone else to force you to do so. It is a choice you must make on your own, and that you must not allow others to make for you.


