The Age of the Books of the Bible

This is a list of the books of the Bible in the approximate order in which they were written. I say "approximate" because there are three factors that greatly complicate such a list:

1. Nobody knows exactly when most books were written.
2. There is much disagreement about when most books were written, with opinions differing by many centuries at times.
3. Some books were written over the course of many centuries, being compilations of oral histories and records from different sources, and even being edited or updated by later authors.

Order: The order in which the book appears in the standard Protestant Bible.

Name: The commonly understood name.
Author: The traditional, primary, and/or probable author(s). Some books were written by multiple authors and others were edited, translated, or compiled by a later scribe, like Ezra, working from a collection of manuscripts or oral traditions.

Subject Period: The period of time covered by the books contents. Like the date of authorship, the subject period is a fuzzy concept for many books. Some books combine historical narrative with prophecy of the future (Isaiah, for example), and the precise subject period of prophecy is always up for interpretation.

Written: The approximate period of time in which the book was written. Some books, like the Psalms, were written over vast periods of time and other books are of very uncertain date, so their placement in the list is fuzzy, to say the least.

Order	Name	Author(s)	Subject Period	Written
1	Genesis	Moses	4000-1600 BC	2000-1400 BC
2	Exodus	Moses	1600-1400 BC	1600-1400 BC
3	Leviticus	Moses	1600-1400 BC	1600-1400 BC
4	Numbers	Moses	1600-1400 BC	1600-1400 BC
5	Deuteronomy	Moses, Joshua	1600-1400 BC	1600-1400 BC
6	Joshua	Joshua, Phinehas	1500-1300 BC	1500-1300 BC
7	Judges	Samuel/Unknown	1500-1000 BC	1400-900 BC
8	Ruth	Unknown	1100-1000 BC	1050-900 BC
9	1 Samuel	Samuel, Nathan, Gad, Jeremiah, Unknown	1000-700 BC	1000-500 BC
10	2 Samuel	Samuel, Nathan, Gad, Jeremiah, Unknown	1000-700 BC	1000-500 BC
19	Psalms	David, Asaph, et al	1600-400 BC	1600-400 BC
22	Song of Solomon	Solomon	1000-950 BC	1000-900 BC
20	Proverbs	Solomon, Agur/Hezekiah, Lemuel	1000-700 BC	1000-700 BC
18	Job	Unknown	2000-1500 BC	1000-500 BC
21	Ecclesiastes	Solomon	950-900 BC	950-900 BC
31	Obadiah	Obadiah	Prophetic	900-550 BC
29	Joel	Joel	Prophetic	850-600 BC
32	Jonah	Jonah	800-750 BC	800-750 BC
30	Amos	Amos	Prophetic	800-725 BC
28	Hosea	Hosea	Prophetic	750-700 BC
33	Micah	Micah	Prophetic	750-700 BC
23	Isaiah	Isaiah and compiler	700-500 BC	700-500 BC
34	Nahum	Nahum	Prophetic	650-600 BC
35	Habakkuk	Habakkuk	Prophetic	650-600 BC
36	Zephaniah	Zephaniah	Prophetic	650-600 BC
11	1 Kings	Jeremiah/Unknown	950 BC-850 BC	650-570 BC
12	2 Kings	Jeremiah/Unknown	855 BC-560 BC	650-570 BC
24	Jeremiah	Jeremiah and compiler	Prophetic	600-550 BC
26	Ezekiel	Ezekiel	Prophetic	600-550 BC
25	Lamentations	Jeremiah/Zedakiah/Unknown	600-550 BC	600-500 BC
38	Zechariah	Zechariah	Prophetic	550-500 BC
27	Daniel	Daniel	Prophetic	550-500 BC
37	Haggai	Haggai	Prophetic	550-500 BC
17	Esther	Unknown	500-400 BC	500-300 BC
15	Ezra	Ezra	500-400 BC	450-400 BC
16	Nehemiah	Nehemiah	450-400 BC	450-400 BC
39	Malachi	Malachi	Prophetic	450-400 BC
13	1 Chronicles	Ezra	4000-400 BC	450-400 BC
14	2 Chronicles	Ezra	4000-400 BC	450-400 BC
59	James	James the Just	40-50 AD	40-50 AD
40	Matthew	Matthew	10 BC-30 AD	40-65 AD
41	Mark	Mark, Peter	10 BC-30 AD	45-53 AD
48	Galatians	Paul	47-55 AD	47-55 AD
52	1 Thessalonians	Paul	50-55 AD	50-55 AD
53	2 Thessalonians	Paul	50-55 AD	50-55 AD
45	Romans	Paul	54-57 AD	54-57 AD
42	Luke	Luke	10 BC-30 AD	60-64 AD
46	1 Corinthians	Paul	50-60 AD	54-56 AD
47	2 Corinthians	Paul	50-60 AD	50-55 AD
44	Acts	Luke	30-65 AD	60-64 AD
49	Ephesians	Paul	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
50	Philippians	Paul	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
51	Colossians	Paul	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
54	1 Timothy	Paul	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
57	Philemon	Paul	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
60	1 Peter	Peter	60-65 AD	60-65 AD
56	Titus	Paul	60-65 AD	60-67 AD
55	2 Timothy	Paul	65-70 AD	62-67 AD
58	Hebrews	Apollos(?)	65-70 AD	65-70 AD
61	2 Peter	Peter	65-70 AD	65-70 AD
65	Jude	Jude	65-70 AD	65-70 AD
43	John	John	10 BC-30 AD	60-96 AD
62	1 John	John	90-95 AD	90-95 AD
63	2 John	John	90-95 AD	90-95 AD
64	3 John	John	90-95 AD	90-95 AD
66	Revelation	John	Prophetic	90-100 AD

Echo Chambers of Social Media

On Twitter you can apparently now hide replies to your tweets, not just from your own, sensitive self, but from all other Twitter users too. Other readers have to click on a tiny little icon in the corner to see the hidden replies. If you post something stupid, you can hide all of the dissenting comments from those less able to detect your stupidity.

One of the great things about social media is the exposure it gives us to viewpoints outside of our meatspace social circle.

One of the terrible things about social media is the echo chamber it creates by filtering out everything "they" think we might not like. It gives us the illusion that everyone around us agrees with our fringe opinions, thereby reinforcing our biases and errors.

Peer pressure isn't always a bad thing. Bullying is just the pathological extreme of a normal and healthy process that helps keep our wackiest tendencies in check. Contrary opinions, especially a contrary *majority*, are good for us. We need them in order to stay sane and sociable.

Social media platforms (all of them, as far as I can tell) are hell bent on destroying the social controls that keep us from murdering or enslaving our neighbors on the flimsiest of justifications.

Welcome to the world of Bernie and Trump.

Your Father, the Devil

I had an interesting exchange with someone in another group earlier this week. He insisted that a subset of the Jewish people (specifically the scribes and Pharisees and their physical descendants today, who are the Jews living in the land of Israel) are literally and physically descended from Satan and not from Adam at all.

His scriptural proof?

1. The Hebrew word translated "beguiled" in Genesis 3:13 (KJV) can also mean "seduced" and Cain isn't mentioned by name in the genealogy of Adam in Genesis 5, therefore the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil can ONLY be a metaphor for Satan sexually seducing Eve and fathering Cain.
2. Jesus told the scribes and Pharisees in John 8:44, "You are of your father the devil..."
3. Someone told him that William Branham said it was so.

Never mind that Genesis 5 says that Adam had "many other sons and daughters" that aren't named. Never mind that the Hebrew word nasha is never translated as "seduced" anywhere else in the KJV, and isn't used in any context that is remotely sexual in nature. Never mind that Jesus told the scribes and Pharisees that he knew they were the physical descendants of Abraham in the very same conversation in which he called them sons of the devil.

Evidence is meaningless to someone who is determined to believe a lie. Satan had beguiled him so that he was no longer able to see anything else.

My Favorite Messianic & Hebrew Roots YouTube Channels

There are a lot of great YouTube channels created by Yeshua-believing, Torah-keeping folks. Unfortunately, there are a lot of really bad ones too. I subscribe to a long list of channels, but these are the ones that I watch most frequently and can recommend (almost) without reservation:

In no particular order.

• 119 Ministries
• Torah Class
• UNLEARN the lies
• David Wilber
• Freedom Hill Community
• Faith of Messiah
• Jon Behrens
• Messiah Matters
• Hoshana Rabbah
• Getzel
• TheRuachLife

And, of course, my own American Torah channel.

There are also a few non-Messianic, non-Torah Observant teachers whom I really appreciate. Just be aware that their perspective is skewed because of that false premise.

• Free Bible Commentary from Bob Utley
• Calvary Church with Skip Heitzig
• Calvary Chapel pastor Mike Winger

And even a few Jewish channels that are pretty good. Again, be aware of a skewed perspective because they haven't yet realized that the Messiah's identity has been hidden from them by centuries of false teachings about him.

• Aleph Beta
• The Temple Institute

Is "Holy Ghost" a Bad Translation of the Hebrew Ruach haKodesh?

Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is translated from the Greek πνευματος αγιου (pnuematos agiou) and Hebrew רוח קדשׁ (ruach kadosh).

Many people feel like "Holy Ghost" is a bizarre and even sacrilegious way to translate this term, but this feeling is based more on poor education than on any actual problem with the translation.

The word "ghost" comes from the Old English word gast, which meant breath, wind, spirit, angel, demon, etc.

The word "spirit" comes from the Latin word spiritus, which meant breath, wind, spirit, angel, demon, etc.

At the time that the KJV was translated from Greek and Hebrew into English, if someone wanted to talk about the spirit of God, they were just as likely (maybe even more likely, since the common people were more familiar with Germanic-rooted words) to use the word ghost as the word spirit. They were perfect synonyms. The two words were interchangeable.

In today's English we tend to associate the word ghost only with the spirits of the dead and the word spirit with the spirits of supernatural beings. But that doesn't change the actual meanings of the words. Notice that I said "spirits of..." in both cases. That's because the words mean essentially the same thing, and it is still perfectly acceptable in modern English to refer to the "ghost" of a dead person as a "spirit".

The only two real differences between the words "ghost" and "spirit".

1. The two words came from different ancestral languages, Proto-German (via Old English) and Latin (via Old French).
2. We are in the habit of using one word in some contexts and the other word in other contexts.

The definitions of the words haven't really changed. It's only our informal usage of the words that have changed somewhat since the KJV was translated.

Having said all that, a modern English translation of the Scriptures shouldn't use the word "ghost" to refer to the Holy Spirit because it does confuse people who are only used to hearing that word in the context of the spirits of dead people.

Is "God" the Name of a Pagan Deity?

The quotes below are from a comment on a Facebook post in the Common Sense Bible Study group.

The name גד has ancient origins as a false deity in many places around the world, and it is mentioned in Isaiah 65:11 specifically. You cannot deny this. It was used in Europe when the first printing presses rolled out the first bibles and it was a name of one of their foremost deities before the catholic church invaded their land. These are facts and there are many more like them.

Yes, Gad is used in Isaiah 65:11 to refer to the god of fortune that was commonly worshiped in ancient Semitic cultures. However, the word itself just means "fortune" and was applied to the corresponding god more as a nickname than anything else. If someone today decided that there was a god that governed how much light is put out by light bulbs, but didn't know its name, he might call it "the god of lumens". If he started a religion to worship this god, eventually his followers would probably just start calling their god "Lumen" because it's easier. Same thing here. "Gad" was not really the name of the god, but of the god's area of responsibility.

This is almost exactly the same way that ba'al was first a common Hebrew word that simply meant master or husband, but was later used like a proper name for a particular false master. It was a perfectly good word coopted for nefarious purposes. Interestingly enough, YHVH uses the word "ba'al" to refer to himself more than once in Scripture.

The rest of this claim is historical fiction as far as I can tell. I haven't found a single source for the existence of a deity named Gad or God anywhere outside of the Ancient Near East. The English word, god, descends from an old Germanic word that meant almost exactly what it means in English today: a supernatural being. It was never the proper name of any deity. Someone probably made that up because they wanted to impress their friends with their arcane knowledge, what Ryan (IIRC) refers to as more-special-than-thou syndrome.

In the ancient Semitic languages, including Hebrew, gad means fortune or troop, depending on the language and context. This has absolutely no connection to the ancient Germanic word. The German languages, including English, are part of the Indoeuropean family of languages. English and Hebrew share one major element in common: they are both spoken by humans. But that's about it. If a word in Biblical Hebrew sounds similar to a word in Old English or German, there is next to zero chance that the words are actually related in any historical way.

In Exodus 23:13, YHWH specifically says we are not to have the names of other deities even found in our mouths...

And yet the Bible, all of which is clearly meant to be read aloud, contains many names of pagan deities. God commanded the prophets to speak the names of pagan deities on many occasions, for example in Jeremiah 46:25 which contains the name "Amon of No" (strangely translated as "multitude of No" in the KJV).

The same pagans (and Israelites!) who worshiped Ba'al also used the name YHVH to refer to multiple pagan deities. They were only following the example of the Hebrews with the golden calf at Mt Sinai. Since YHVH became the name of one or more pagan gods, does that mean we can't use that name for the original YHVH anymore?

Clearly Exodus 23:13 can't mean that we absolutely must never speak the name of a pagan deity under any circumstances, or else God commanded the prophets to sin. Rather, it means that we must never pray to them, call on them, speak or act in their names, or swear by them. In other words, don't speak of or to them as you should to YHVH.

...yet you would teach as many people as you can in your warped desire to break this command wantonly and to justify your own wrongdoing.

To which I can only respond with Exodus 20:16, "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor."

Why not just drop your pride and be wrong for once? Why not just let go of you and say to Him, "Okay, Father." Why not just use the name HE told you was His instead of fighting so hard against Him and everyone who would oppose you, instead of insisting on using what YOU want to call Him.

Like adonai, baal, and elohim, "god" and "father" are both titles, not names. They are both titles applied to countless false deities as well as to the one true Creator (also a title and not a name). YHVH also said to call him Adonai, Elohim, El Shaddai, Father, Yeshua, Emmanuel...and even Ba'al.

I am perfectly willing to admit when I'm wrong. I have done so many times, and I'm sure I will make and correct many more mistakes if God (YHVH, if you prefer) allows me the time.

But you're going to have to use some actual evidence of error--as opposed to historical fantasy--before I'll take you seriously.